Input Output Formats In C++

Introduction:

• C++ language describes input/output using iostream.h.
• The standard input/output library for c described by the header stdio.h is still available in C++.
• The header stream.h was used on systems before release 2.0 and is still available under many C++ systems.

Input and Output Operator:

• << - for Printing Variables
• >> - for Reading Variables

Output class:

• The output is inserted into an object of type ostream.
• It is declared in the header file iostream.h.
• An operator << is loaded in this class to perform output conversions from standard types
• The overloaded left shift operator is called the “insertion or put to operator”.
• The standard output ostream corresponding to stdout is cout.
• The standard output ostream corresponding to stderr is cerr.

Output cout Syntax:

cout<<?var?<<var<<?\n?;

Public members:

ostream& operator<<int(i);
ostream& operator<<(long i);
ostream& put(char c);
ostream& write(const char *p, int n);
ostream& flush();

The member function flush() forces the stream to be written.

Formatted output & iomanip.h

The put to operator << produces by default the minimum number of characters.

Example:

int i=8,j=9;
cout<<i<<j;
cout<<i<<? ?j;
cout<<?i=?<<i<<?j=?<<j;

Immediately prints the line:

x=1;

User-defined types: output:

It has typically been printed by creating a member function print().

ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, dock x) {
    for (int i = 0; i < 52; ++i) {
        if (i % 13 == 0)
            out << endl;
        out << x.d[i];
    }
    Return out;
}

The input class isstream:

• An operator >> is overloaded in istream to perform input conversions to standard types
• The overloaded right shift operator is called the extraction or get from the operator.
• The standard input istream corresponding to stdin is cin.

Input cin Syntax:

cin>>var>>char;

Public members:

istream& operator>>(int& i);
istream& get(char& c);
istream& read(char* s,int n);

Useful member function:

int gcount();
stream& ignore (int n=1,int delimeter=EOF);

Files Input and Output

• C have stdin,stdout,stderr.
• In addition, systems may define other standard files such as stdprn & stdaux.
• File I/O is handled by including fstream.h
• It contains the classes ofstream and ifstream

Ifstream();
Ifstream(const char *, int=ios::in);
Ofstream();
Ofstream(const char *, int =ios::out);

Standard files format:

C	C++	Name	Connected to
Stdin Stdout Stderr Stdprn stdaux	Cin Cout Cerr Cprn caux	Standard input file Standard ouput file Standard error file Standard printer file Standard auxiliary file	Keyboard Screen Screen Printer Auxiliary port

Standard File Modes:

Argument	Mode
ios::in ios::app ios::out ios::noreplace	Input mode Append mode Output mode If file exists open fails

## Related Pages

• Home — Browse all Home.
• Polymorphism In C++ — More in Blog.
• Data Hiding and Encapsulation using Access Specifiers in C++ — More in Blog.
• Scope Resolution Operator In C++ — More in Blog.